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            <h1 class="text-[clamp(2rem,5vw,3.5rem)] font-bold text-center text-shadow">Guangzhou's modern architectural heritage</h1>
            <p class="text-[clamp(1rem,2vw,1.25rem)] text-center mt-2 opacity-90">A blend of modern history and architecture</p>
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                            <span>Shamian Island</span>
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                            <span>The Sacred Heart Cathedral</span>
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                <h2 class="text-2xl font-bold text-primary mb-6">Shamian Island</h2>
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                        <h3 class="text-xl font-semibold text-primary mb-4">I. Historical Background and Formation</h3>
                        <p class="mb-4">1. Origins of the Concessions<br>Originally an alluvial sandbar of the Pearl River, Shamian Island was forced into foreign leasehold by Britain and France through the Treaty of Tianjin after the Second Opium War (1859). What’s more, Britain and France transformed it into an artificial island by land reclamation and dug the Shaji Chong River to separate it from the mainland. Following the 1861 Shamian Concession Treaty, the western four-fifths became the British concession, and the eastern one-fifth the French concession.
Within the concessions, consulates, banks, and foreign firms were established, making it a hub for foreign economic and political activities in China. (Initially, only the United Kingdom and France were included, and later it gradually expanded to eight countries: the United Kingdom, France, the United States, Germany, Japan, Italy, the Netherlands, and Portugal ). Institutions such as The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited(HSBC), Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank all set up offices here.</p>
                        <p>2. Historical Events<br>Shamian witnessed several pivotal historical incidents, including the 1925 Shaji Massacre, in which British and French troops opened fire on anti-imperialist demonstrators, causing severe casualties. These events solidified its status as a symbol of modern Chinese nationalist movements.</p>
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                        <h3 class="text-xl font-semibold text-primary mb-4">II. Architectural Styles and Iconic Examples</h3>
                        <p class="mb-4">Shamian Island preserves over 150 European-style buildings from the late 19th to early 20th centuries, earning it the reputation of an open-air architectural museum.</p>
                        <ul class="list-disc pl-6 mb-4 space-y-2">
                            <li>Consulates and Administrative Buildings: Examples include the former British Consulate (demolished) and the French Consulate, mostly in Neoclassical style, emphasizing symmetry and columnar structures.</li>
                            <li>Financial and Commercial Buildings: The HSBC Old Building (No. 54 Shamian Street) exemplifies Western Classical Revival architecture, with a domed pavilion and colonnades projecting solemnity.</li>
                            <li>Religious Structures: Church of Our Lady of Lourdes (No. 14 Shamian Street) features a Gothic-inspired pointed arch entrance and rose window, showcasing intricate craftsmanship despite its modest size.</li>
                            <li>Public Facilities: Buildings like the post office, telegraph office, and the Red Mansion Club (No. 2-6 Shamian Street) blend British Romanticism, characterized by red brick masonry and attics. </li>
                        </ul>
                        <p class="mb-4">2. Architectural Style Classifications：<br>Neo-Baroque: Ornate decoration typifies banks and consulates, such as the dynamic curvilinear designs of the former Banque de l'Indochine.<br>Arcade Veranda Style: Adapted to Lingnan’s climate, buildings like No. 48 Shamian Street feature surrounding arcaded corridors, balancing functionality and aesthetics.<br>中Sino-Western Fusion: Some structures incorporate Chinese elements, such as wooden veranda doors and Lingnan gray pottery ornaments.</p>
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                        <h3 class="text-xl font-semibold text-primary mb-4">III. Conservation Status and Challenges</h3>
                        <p class="mb-4">1. Heritage Protection Journey<br>
In 1996, the Shamian architectural complex was listed by a National Key Cultural Relic Protection Unit, with 53 buildings under prioritized protection. The government implemented a "restore to original appearance" policy, renovating iconic structures like the Red Mansion and HSBC building while restricting modern commercial development.
</p>
                        <p>2. Conservation Issues<br>
Historical Damage: Post-1950s overcrowding led to residential renovations, such as the demolition of the British Consulate due to adjacent dormitory construction.
Development-Related Destruction: Tenants’ unauthorized modifications (e.g., removing vault doors, replacing wooden floors) have eroded the buildings’ original features.
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                        <h3 class="text-xl font-semibold text-primary mb-4">IV. Cultural Value and Present-Day Role</h3>
                        <p class="mb-4">1. Tourism and Artistic Functions<br>Now a renowned cultural tourist destination in Guangzhou, Shamian blends historical relics with modern leisure. Its tree-lined avenues, featuring over 150 ancient trees alongside European architecture, make it a popular venue for wedding photography and artistic creation.</p>
                        <p>2. Diplomatic and Commercial Legacy<br>Some buildings still serve diplomatic purposes, such as the Polish Consulate in Guangzhou. The White Swan Hotel (China’s first Sino-foreign joint-venture five-star hotel) stands as a symbol of China’s reform and opening-up.</p>
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                        <h3 class="text-xl font-semibold text-primary mb-4">V. Conclusion</h3>
                        <p>The architectural ensemble of Shamian Island is a microcosm of modern China’s semi-colonial history. Its architectural diversity and complexities surrounding reflect the multifaceted value of cultural heritage. As Guangzhou’s "European architectural museum," it not only preserves historical memory but also sustains cultural vitality through adaptive reuse. The future must balance conservation and development to prevent over-commercialization from eroding its historical authenticity.</p>
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                        <h3 class="text-xl font-semibold text-primary mb-4">I. Historical Evolution</h3>
                        <p class="mb-4">1. Construction Background & Colonial Legacy<br>The construction of the Sacred Heart Cathedral is closely tied to the Second Opium War. In 1856, after British and French forces captured Guangzhou and burned down the Viceroy's Office of Liangguang（The Governor's Office of Guangdong and Guangxi）, French missionary Philippe François Zéphirin Guillemin seized the opportunity to demand the site for a church. When refused, he leveraged pressure from the French military commander, ultimately securing the land by force in 1861 under the terms of the Sino-French Treaty. Construction began that same year, with the cornerstone ceremony laid on December 8, 1863—Feast Day of the Sacred Heart—and was completed in 1888 after 25 years. The cathedral was designed by French architects VONUTRIN and HUMBERT, with local craftsman Cai Xiao overseeing its execution.</p>
                        <p class="mb-4">2. Sino-Western Collaboration in Construction<br>The cathedral’s construction incorporated Chinese ingenuity. Cai Xiao used glutinous rice paste and tung oil instead of cement to bond the stonework, reinforced the dome with iron rods threaded through the slabs, and replaced standard drainage spouts with stone lion heads in traditional Chinese style. The flooring was laid with moisture-resistant Guangdong tiles, while the door carvings blended Cantonese woodwork with Western design, embodying a fusion of local craftsmanship and European architecture.</p>
                        <p>3. Historical Calamities and Restoration<br>World War II： In the 1940s, a Japanese military aircraft collided with the lightning rod on the church spire, causing some of the stained glass from the Napoleonic era to shatter.<br>Cultural Revolution Damage： Religious oil paintings were destroyed, and the remaining stained glass, rose windows, scriptures, and kneelers were burned. The stone pillars cracked, the lion-head drainage outlets were smashed, and the cathedral was reduced to a dump for a time.<br>Restoration and Rebirth： Religious activities resumed in 1979. In 2004, a major renovation costing 20 million yuan was carried out. The cathedral was fitted with new stained glass depicting biblical stories, custom-made in the Philippines, and the mechanical clock was repaired. The historical appearance was restored.</p>
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                        <h3 class="text-xl font-semibold text-primary mb-4">II. Architectural Features Analysis</h3>
                        <p class="mb-4">1. Gothic-Style Main Structure<br>Layout:   The cathedral adopts a Latin cross plan, oriented north-south, with a length of 78.69 meters, a width of 35 meters, and a height of 58.5 meters. Its twin spires pierce the sky, earning it the title "oriental Notre-dame de Paris" for its resemblance to Paris’s Notre-Dame.  <br>Exterior Design:   The three-tiered façade features pointed arches on the ground level, a 6-meter-diameter rose window on the middle level, and octagonal bell towers on the upper level. Flying buttresses and pointed arches emphasize verticality, embodying the Gothic aspiration toward the heavens.  <br>Interior Space:  The nave is supported by ten clustered columns adorned with wheat-sheaf motifs, their ribbed vaults guiding the eye toward the altar in a solemn, elongated progression of sacred space.Stained-glass rose windows in red, blue, and amber originally depicted biblical narratives.</p>
                        <p class="mb-4">2. Technical and Material Innovations<br>All-Stone Construction:  Built entirely of granite, it is one of only four all-stone Gothic cathedrals worldwide, renowned for its durability.  <br>Drainage System:  Flying buttresses（⻜扶壁） channel rainwater through stone lion-headed spouts, adapted to Guangzhou’s rainy climate.</p>
                        <p>3. East-Meets-West Details<br>  Cultural Syncretism:   Door frames are carved with Chinese guardian lions, column bases symbolize "steadfast as rock," and stained glass incorporates locally sourced blue-green repairs.  <br>  Orientation Adjustment:   Breaking from the traditional westward alignment of Catholic churches, the cathedral faces south to harmonize with Guangzhou’s urban grid.</p>
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                        <h3 class="text-xl font-semibold text-primary mb-4">III. Cultural Significance & Current Status</h3>
                        <p class="mb-4">1. Historical Importance<br>As an architectural witness to China's semi-colonial modern history, the Sacred Heart Cathedral encapsulates complex narratives of colonial aggression, cultural conflict, and eventual synthesis. Its construction process reflects how Western religious institutions expanded their influence through unequal treaties during this period.</p>
                        <p class="mb-4">2. Architectural Significance<br>Officially designated as a National Priority Protected Cultural Heritage Site (1996), it remains the largest all-stone Gothic cathedral in Southeast Asia, representing an exceptional fusion of religious symbolism, artistic achievement, and structural engineering.</p>
                        <p>3. Contemporary Role<br>Today, the cathedral serves dual functions as both an active place of worship and a major tourist destination. Its daily bell tolling and the mesmerizing play of light through stained glass windows continue to attract pilgrims and visitors. It has become one of Guangzhou's most iconic cultural landmarks.</p>
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                        <h3 class="text-xl font-semibold text-primary mb-4">IV. Conclusion</h3>
                        <p>The Sacred Heart Cathedral in Guangzhou stands as a complex testament to both colonial history and architectural artistry. Its Gothic framework, interwoven with Lingnan craftsmanship, reflects not only the forceful penetration of Western religious influence but also the adaptive ingenuity of Chinese artisans. As a revitalized cultural heritage site, it has preserved its religious function while safeguarding historical memory through meticulous restoration, ultimately emerging as a quintessential symbol of Guangzhou's East-West synthesis.</p>
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                                    <h4 class="font-semibold text-lg">Background</h4>
                                    <p>First Opium War</p>
                                    <p class="mt-2">January 1843: Britain requested expansion of leased territories.</p>
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                                                <span class="bg-yellow-500 text-white w-8 h-8 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center text-sm shrink-0">1856</span>
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                                                    <p class="font-medium">December</p>
                                                    <p>Thirteen Hongs foreign merchant quarter burned down.</p>
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                                                <span class="bg-yellow-500 text-white w-8 h-8 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center text-sm shrink-0">1857</span>
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                                                    <p class="font-medium">December</p>
                                                    <p>British-French forces captured Guangzhou; urgently sought new concession areas.</p>
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                                                <span class="bg-yellow-500 text-white w-8 h-8 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center text-sm shrink-0">1858</span>
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                                                    <p>British-French forces selected land southwest of Thirteen Hongs near Pearl River’s White Swan Pond.</p>
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                                                <span class="bg-yellow-500 text-white w-8 h-8 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center text-sm shrink-0">1859</span>
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                                                    <p class="font-medium">May</p>
                                                    <p>British-French demanded  lease of Shamian.</p>
                                                    <p class="font-medium mt-2">July</p>
                                                    <p>Lao Chongguang reluctantly agreed to lease Shamian; Guangdong tasked with converting it into an island.</p>
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                                                <span class="bg-yellow-500 text-white w-8 h-8 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center text-sm shrink-0">1865</span>
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                                                    <p>British consul moved into Shamian; American, Portuguese, German, and Japanese consulated  follow.</p>
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                                                <span class="bg-yellow-500 text-white w-8 h-8 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center text-sm shrink-0">1888</span>
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                                                    <p> French-built St. Mary’s Cathedral completed.</p>
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                                                    <p class="font-medium">October</p>
                                                    <p>French government auctioned Shamian land.</p>
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                                                <span class="bg-yellow-500 text-white w-8 h-8 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center text-sm shrink-0">1890</span>
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                                                    <p>French consulate relocated to Shamian.</p>
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                                    <h4 class="font-semibold text-lg">Background</h4>
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                                        <li>The first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was established. Sun Yet-sen’s three major policies, including allying with Russia, allying with the Communist Party. assisting workers and peasants. provided favorable conditions for the development of the Labor Movement.</li>
                                        <li>May 1st, 1924. Congress of workers in
Guangzhou elected to form the executive committee, which was mainly composed of communists, the executive committee was responsible for leading the labor movements. From then on, labor unions in Guangzhou were moving towards unification, the labor movements started getting to the correct ways. </li>
                                        <li>June 19th, 1924, the Authorities of the British and French Concessions in Shamian took the event which Vietnamese revolutionary attempted to Pham Hong tai assassinate Meyerlin, the French governor of Indochina as an excuse, promulgated a decree which restricted Chinese from entering and leaving Shamian, also banned Chinese from residing in Shamian.</li>
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                                        <li>July 25th, 1924, the Shamian Strike involving 3000 workers started. </li>
                                        <li>The next day, the Chinese police officer in the British and French Concessions in Shamian, also participated in the Shamian Strike. </li>
                                        <li>The British and French Consular Authorities started threating the striking workers in various ways. However, with the Strong support from the Local Executive Committee of the Communist Party of China in Guangzhou and the Workers' Congress in Guangzhou, the striking workers never gave up resisting.</li>
                                        <li>The British Consulate and the French Consulate respectively sought help from Sun Vet-sen and Liao Zhongkai. They both refused righteously. This forced the British and French Consulates to compromise to the striking workers and had no other choice.</li>
                                 
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                                    <h4 class="font-semibold text-lg">Process:</h4>
                                    
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                                                <span class="bg-green-500 text-white w-8 h-8 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center text-sm shrink-0">1924</span>
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                                                    <p class="font-medium">July 25th</p>
                                                    <p>the Shamian Strike involving 3000 workers started.</p>
                                                    <p class="font-medium mt-2">The next day</p>
                                                    <p> the Chinese police officer in the British and French Concessions in Shamian, also participated in the Shamian Strike. </p>
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                                                    <p>The British and French Consular Authorities started threating the striking workers in various ways. However, with the Strong support from the Local Executive Committee of the Communist Party of China in Guangzhou and the Workers' Congress in Guangzhou, the striking workers never gave up resisting.</p>
                                                    <p class="mt-2">The British Consulate and the French Consulate respectively sought help from Sun Vet-sen and Liao Zhongkai. They both refused righteously. This forced the British and French Consulates to compromise to the striking workers and had no other choice.</p>
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                                    <h4 class="font-semibold text-lg">Consequence</h4>
                                    <p class="mt-2">August 19th, 1924, the British and French Consulates finally agreed to repeal the decree and accepted the conditions that striking workers must not be dismissed and should resume work.
The strike lasted for more than a month and ended in victory.</p>
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                                    <h4 class="font-semibold text-lg">Influences</h4>
                                    <ul class="list-disc pl-6 mt-2 space-y-2">
                                        <li>May 1st, 1925, the Second National Labor Congress was held in Guangzhou, and the Chinese Workers' Federation was established. This was an unforgettable event in the history of the Chinese workers' movement. After this. Chinese workers had finally had a national organization which could lead their fight. It was a great step, and it had great influence on the Chinese workers' Struggles.</li>
                                        <li>Shortly after the establishment of the Chinese Workers' Federation, the May Thirtieth Massacre occurred in Shanghai. The Communist Party of China Guangdong Regional Committee and the Chinese Workers' Federation immedialy led the Sheng - Gang strike that shocked the world.</li>
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                                    <h4 class="font-semibold text-lg">Meanings:</h4>
                                    <p class="mt-2">The Shamian Strike in June, 1924, is the beginning of the Chinese Workers’ movements’ transition from a low point to a recovery after the failure of the “February 7th Strike”.</p>
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                                    <h4 class="font-semibold text-lg">Historical events</h4>
                                    <p class="mt-2">Shamian Street</p>
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                    <h3 class="text-xl font-semibold text-primary mb-6">Provincial-Hong Kong Strike</h3>
                    
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                                    <h4 class="font-semibold text-lg">Background</h4>
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                                        <li>Followed Shamian strike and establishment of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU).</li>
                                        
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                                    <h4 class="font-semibold text-lg">Process</h4>
                                    
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                                                <span class="bg-green-500 text-white w-8 h-8 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center text-sm shrink-0">1925</span>
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                                                    <p class="font-medium">May 30</p>
                                                    <p>Shaji Massacre.</p>
                                                    <p class="font-medium mt-2">June 3</p>
                                                    <p>Guangzhou residents rallied to support the strike.</p>
                                                    <p class="font-medium mt-2">June 23</p>
                                                    <p>Mass demonstration leaded to clashes.</p>
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                                    <h4 class="font-semibold text-lg">Outcome</h4>
                                    <p class="mt-2">Strike ended  in October 1926.</p>
                                    <p class="mt-2">Guangdong governor resigned  on the same day.</p>
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                                    <h4 class="font-semibold text-lg">Significance</h4>
                                    <p class="mt-2">Marked the revival of China’s labor movement post-low tide.</p>
                                    <p>Strengthened leadership of the ACFTU for prolonged anti-imperialist struggle.</p>
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                                    <h4 class="font-semibold text-lg">Related Sites</h4>
                                    
                                        <p>Shaji Massacre Memorial.</p>
                                         <p>Provincial-Hong Kong Strike Committee Former Site.</p>
                                    
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                    <h3 class="text-xl font-semibold text-primary mb-6">The Guangzhou Uprising </h3>
                    
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                                    <h4 class="font-semibold text-lg">Background</h4>
                                    <ul class="list-disc pl-6 mt-2 space-y-2">
                                        <li>In 1927, Chiang Kai-shek carried out the 4.12 Counter-revolutionary Coup. Li Jishen carried out the 4.15 counter-revolutionary Coup in Guangzhou. Wang Jingwei carried out a counter-revolutionary coup in Wuhan.</li>
                                        <li>August 7th, 1927. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held an emergency meeting in Hankou.。</li>
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                                    <h4 class="font-semibold text-lg">Process</h4>
                                    
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                                                    <p class="font-medium">August 20th</p>
                                                    <p>The Communist Party of China decided to organize and deploy the Guangzhou Uprising Committee.</p>
                                                    <p class="font-medium mt-2">September</p>
                                                    <p>After the Reconciliation between Nanjing and Wuhan, Wang Jingwei returned to Guangzhou.</p>
                                                    <p class="font-medium mt-2">October 29th</p>
                                                    <p>Wang Jingwei attempted to control the Central Committee of the Kuomintang. Zhang Fakui supported Wang Jingwei’s action.</p>
                                                    <p class="font-medium mt-2">On the early morning of November 17th</p>
                                                    <p>the “Zhang-Huang Incident” broke out.</p>
                                                    <p class="font-medium mt-2">November 26th</p>
                                                    <p>Li Jishen and other colleagues went to Shanghai to attend the Preparatory Meeting of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Kuomintang Central Committee.</p>
                                                    <p class="font-medium mt-2">November 26th</p>
                                                    <p>according to the instructions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Guangdong Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China resolved to launch an uprising to seize control of Guangdong.</p>
                                                    <p class="font-medium mt-2">December 6th</p>
                                                    <p>Zhang Tailei convened an emergency meeting of the Standing Committee of the Provincial Committee.</p>
                                                    <p class="font-medium mt-2">December 7th</p>
                                                    <p>Zhang Tailei held the Peasants’ Workers’ and Soldiers’ congress secretly and decided to stage the uprising on December 12th.</p>
                                                    <p class="font-medium mt-2">December 10th</p>
                                                    <p>The situation in Guangzhou turned extremely critical, so Zhang Tailei, Ye Ting, Yun Daiying pledged their resolve before going to the battlefield in the early morning of the next day.</p>
                                                    <p class="font-medium mt-2">At 8 o’clock in the morning on December 12th</p>
                                                    <p>the government troops from east, west and south launched counterattack against the Rebel Army.</p>
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                                    <h4 class="font-semibold text-lg">Consequence</h4>
                                    <p class="mt-2">December 12th, afternoon, the Guangzhou Soviet Government and the headquarters of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army were forced to retreat. The Guangzhou Uprising failed.</p>
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